多少珍稀野生物种惨遭中医毒手

michaelr

http://view.163.com/special/reviews/endangered0521.html<br><div><div class="main-info main-info-1" style="padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><p style="color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;"><strong>导语：</strong><font color="#252525">5月22日是世界野生动物保护日暨地球生物多样性日，“中药材与生物多样性保护之间的冲突”这一老生常谈的话题也再次见诸报端。</font>中医药业界现在也会以“使用替代品”、“避免使用珍稀动植物”等说辞自辩，但老中医们现在真的就不影响物种保护了么？</p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p1 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% 0px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">中医药界业界对中药涉及的野生生物资源有“先开发后保护”的倾向，将原本丰富的野生“地道”物种逐渐榨取至濒危程度</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">2001年，中科院动物研究所郭寅峰撰文<font color="#252525">《我国履行CITES公约的两个问题》</font>，其中提到中医药中的动物药有显效、特需、紧缺等特点。而这些特点其来有自，中国科学院动物研究所的孟智斌2008年所著论文《中药濒危物种资源可持续利用对策初论》揭示了这一现象的来由。中医药业界对中药涉及的野生生物资源有一种“先开发后保护”的倾向和观念，即对已成事实的濒危物种无论是保护还是利用都比较上轨道，设置大量的研究和人工养殖/种植项目来竭力挽救。而对目前那些资源仍较丰富、仍被大量利用的物种，就少有自觉有效的措施来避免其限于濒危境地。在这种观念的支配下，许多原本丰富的物种以此过程趋于濒危。由于在中医观念中，原本丰富的物种要野生的才“地道”，人工种养的产物是受鄙视的、只有在不得不然时才会使用的东西。所以少有药材供应方在物种资源开始减少时就开展大规模的种养。如果这种倾向持续下去，中药涉及的濒危物种的继续增加是不可避免的。</p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p2 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% -100px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">112种常用野生中药材中，有22%已列入有关的濒危物种名录，趋于濒危的达51%</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">按孟智斌2008年的对112种常用中药材野生资源状况的初步统计，其中22%已列入有关的濒危物种名录，趋于濒危的达51%。最接近实际情况的数据是：药用植物中濒危物种的比例约为2%，药用动物中濒危物种的比例约为30%；常用中药材种中，70%用量来自家种药材，但品种只占30%，余下占30%用量的野生药材占有70%的品种。</p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p3 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% -200px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">中国官方即使禁止犀角、虎骨等来自出名濒危物种的药材，其他不知名的野生物种也因中药而濒危</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">因为中药对野生物种的需求如此强烈，所以即便中国官方禁止了犀角、虎骨等来自出名濒危物种的药材，其他不知名的野生物种仍然受威胁。<font color="#252525">2012年初，英国《自然》杂志曾经发表多篇通讯关注包括中药在内的亚洲药物。英国牛津布鲁克斯大学的文森特?尼曼（Vincent Nijman）等人说，“亚洲传统医药”对老虎和犀牛的生存威胁因引人注意而被遏制，但更多没有那么出名的濒危物种受到了威胁。例如海马、大壁虎（Tokay gecko）在亚洲都因为是常用传统药物成分而濒危，而传言中蜥蜴可以治愈艾滋病更加剧了这种状况。</font>陕西师范大学的张华锋等人则指出，<font color="#252525">中药典籍和教科书中列出了大约11000种植物，其中一些原本数量丰富的物种在国内已经到了灭绝的边缘。比如用于滋补壮阳、治疗风湿的淫羊藿，用于抗癌的山豆根，用于解毒的八角莲，用于消炎的短柄乌头。</font></p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p4 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% -300px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">中药材需求对野生物种的榨取超越国境线。从20世纪90年**始，中国国内穿山甲产量无法满足中药市场需求，中药使用的穿山甲依赖于进口</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">中药对野生物种的强烈需求，不仅使国内生物物种受威胁，影响也早已超越了国境线。郭寅峰表示，80年代初，昆明动物所对云南红河地区的调查发现，穿山甲收购量有逐年下降的趋势，而广西一带市场上常有**的穿山甲已难以见到。这说明，到80年代中国的传统穿山甲出产地已很难见到穿山甲踪影，中国穿山甲资源在80年代末已趋于枯竭。而云南省药材公司于1990到1993年期间收购甲片量达7万多公斤。北京师范大学生命科学院张立2010年估算，中国市场每年用来制作中成药、中药饮片的药用穿山甲需求在每年10万只左右。这说明至少从20世纪90年**始，国内穿山甲产量已经无法满足中药市场需求，中药使用的穿山甲依赖于进口。</p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p5 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% -400px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">“以丰富物种替代濒危物种入药”的思路，曾使中医药剂师用高鼻羚羊角代替犀牛角入药，这导致世界范围内野生高鼻羚羊数目从100万头以上锐减到5万头</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">2009年现行《中国药典》即将实施之际，时任国家药监局新闻发言人颜江瑛称官方将积极支持濒危野生动物药材的替代品。不过中医药界将来自濒危动物的药材成分替换成非濒危动物来源后，并非没有造就新生濒危物种。其中最讽刺的例子就是世界范围内高鼻羚羊的濒危化过程。虽然在1988年中国将高鼻羚羊列为趋于灭绝的国家Ⅰ级保护珍稀动物，但在20世纪90年代初俄国、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦等国仍有100万头以上高鼻羚羊。“世界自然基金会”（WWF）从1991年开始呼吁中医药剂师在其药方中用羚羊角取代犀牛角。到了1995年，“世界自然基金会”就不得不停止此一宣传，因为此时高鼻羚羊的全部种群都被列入了《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录Ⅱ，它们自己也成了濒危动物。</p><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">俄罗斯联邦卡尔梅克共和国的狩猎管理部与剑桥大学、英国帝国学院等机构2003年在《自然》杂志公布了联合统计数据：<font color="#252525">2000年时，世界范围内高鼻羚羊野外数量为178000头，2002年就锐减到50000头。</font>根据这一统计与动物保护组织TRAFFIC此前的调查，<font color="#252525">锐减原因正是中国与原苏联国家之间边界贸易开放后，原苏联国家的偷猎者为供应传统中药的需求，大肆捕杀高鼻羚羊。</font>而华东师范大学生命科学学院的康蔼黎统计，同两年内中国公开报道查获的高鼻羚羊角走私量来自于至少14867头被杀的高鼻羚羊。也就是说，两年内世界范围内消失的高鼻羚羊至少有10%在中国被查获，未被查获的走私量肯定远逾此数。</p></div><div class="main-info" style="padding-top: 30px; padding-bottom: 50px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><div class="pos-rel" style="position: relative;"><span class="p6 pos-abs" style="position: absolute; background-image: url(http://img1.cache.netease.com/f2e/news/news_theotherside/images/icons-p2.png); width: 30px; height: 30px; padding-left: 40px; background-position: 0% -500px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;"></span><h3 style="padding-left: 40px; font-size: 20px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', 微软雅黑, 宋体; color: rgb(37, 37, 37);">中药因使用违反《濒危物种国际贸易公约》的物种，屡次被国外海关查扣</h3></div><p style="padding-top: 15px; color: rgb(113, 113, 113); font-size: 14px; line-height: 25px;">使用了濒危物种的中药不止供中国国内消费，中医业界常引以自豪的“国粹走出国门”加速了涉中药的野生物种濒危化。<font color="#252525">2006年，英国海关查扣16万件非法野生动物制品，其中被扣数量最多的就是中药制品，其入药材料都来自老虎、犀牛、羚羊、海马等国际公约所列的濒危保护动物。2012年，澳大利亚莫道克大学的研究人员分析了海关人员在澳大利亚边境没收的15种传统中药，其中78%的样本中含有动物DNA并且未在包装上的中文或者英文说明中注明，并发现了濒危的高鼻羚羊和亚洲黑熊的DNA。</font>后两种动物均受到《濒危物种国际贸易公约》保护。</p></div></div>

michaelr

只有继承，没有发扬。只有杀戮，没有研发。

laozheng

没有买卖，就没有杀戮

uijkm48a5

nike delta force a low
You answered the question yourself. &quot;when Greene went down&quot; Had Greene not went down Underwood would have been allowed to return under the same conditions that Wilson would have been allowed to return under. At the time I totally disagreed with TOB and still think that maybe things could have been handled differently, however I do see his point. You can't treat a player that is not 100% committed to the team the same as you do a player that is 100% committed. With the Greene's situation it doesn't have anything to do with commitment just as if Glennon had gone down Wilson would have been allowed to return under the same conditions as Underwood was allowed to. Underwood's return had nothing to do with him being allowed to return against a player that was healthy and 100% committed to the team where Wilson's return did.
Am grateful to Dave for the opportunity to join him at NC State,&quot; Canada in a statement. &quot;It's a special place and I think the future is bright for the program. I am excited to meet and being working with our players.&quot;.. Jack Wilson played his second minor league game Friday in his return from a strained right calf. The plan is for the shortstop to play additional games on Saturday and Sunday, working up to seven innings, before joining the big club after Monday's off day. Gonzalez said Wilson, again barring a setback, will be ready for the start of the regular season..
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&quot;It would be daft to say we can carry on as we are from a financial perspective. There has to be room for change in terms of what we want to do going forwards,&quot; he said. &quot;Lots of discussions have taken place already, but there are still a lot of discussions to be had..
&quot;It was the right decision,&quot; he said. &quot;Of course, I wanted to go very much, but I think that now afterwards it was smart to be healthy and smart to be able to finish the season good. You have to rest to get (the soreness to go) away, so I had no other options.&quot;.相关的主题文章 Online:

  
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